[203] Consequently, traffic and air pollution problems have become more severe and receive regular criticism in local media. The considerable immigration to the capital from poorer regions of the country, as well as urbanisation, are among the other reasons for the increase in Sofia's population. Popov, Dimitar (ed.). As part of the 3-Tier prison system, Level 1 inmates are granted the highest levels of privilege and autonomy whenever possible (subject to operational needs of the facility). [146] Over the past two decades, numerous independent cinemas have closed and most shows are in shopping centre multiplexes. Opportunities for sport and recreation in the capital are many and varied outdoor swimming pools, tennis courts, modern gymnasiums and sports halls, and parks. [210] More than 20,000 students[211] study in its 16 faculties. According to modern records, 39,551 dwellings were constructed until 1949, 119,943 between 1950 and 1969, 287,191 between 1970 and 1989, 57,916 in the 90s and 102,623 between 2000 and 2011. However, the city is also subject to heat waves with high temperatures reaching or exceeding 35C (95F) on the hottest days, particularly in July and August. Kliment Ohridski, Tel. The transformations of Bulgaria into the People's Republic of Bulgaria in 1946 and into the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990 marked significant changes in the city's appearance. Sofia's geographic location, in the foothills of the weekend retreat Vitosha mountain, further adds to the city's specific atmosphere. - . It is surrounded by mountainsides, such as Vitosha by the southern side, Lyulin by the western side, and the Balkan Mountains by the north, which makes it the third highest European capital after Andorra la Vella and Madrid. The Iskar River in its upper course flows near eastern Sofia. [99] Several of the city's governors were members of the Bulgarian imperial family and held the title of sebastokrator, the second highest at the time, after the tsar. Sofia offers many places for its children to play. ", Jen Fitz. Regular performances began in 1909. [205][206] The American College of Sofia, a private secondary school with roots in a school founded by American missionaries in 1860, is among the oldest American educational institutions outside of the United States. The Boyana Film studios was at the centre of a once-thriving domestic film industry, which declined significantly after 1990. [33][34] It became a municipium during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98117). For a few decades after the liberation, Sofia experienced large population growth, mainly by migration from other regions of the Principality (Kingdom since 1908) of Bulgaria, and from the still Ottoman Macedonia and Thrace. The National Museum of Ethnography is also located here, and the Museum of Natural History is a very short distance away, with exhibits of plants and animals that are very valuable, and even some that can no longer be seen in the wild. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. [156] A velodrome with 5,000 seats in the city's central park is undergoing renovation. The people with juridical status divorced or widowed are either part of the factual singles or those having another type of partnership, each of the two constitutes by around 10% of the population aged over 20. [23] It was Europe's most affordable capital to visit in 2013. There are 16 industrial and logistics parks in Sofia, some sprawling to towns in neighbouring Sofia Province, such as Bozhurishte, Kostinbrod and Elin Pelin. It represents the primary security level for Control Units in the 3-Tier System. Following his capture in 1873, Vasil Levski was transferred and hanged in Sofia by the Ottomans. On the lower slopes of Mount Vitosha, in the Boyana District, is located the National Museum of History, with its collection from prehistoric times to the present day. Several smaller parks, among which the Vazrazhdane Park, Zaimov Park, City Garden and the Doctors' Garden, are located in central Sofia. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. [68] Solid fuel used for heating and motor vehicle traffic are significant sources of pollutants. Serdica Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Serdica. Two functioning cable cars provide year long access from the outskirts of the city. The 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake was also noticed in the city. This church was built in 1912, and was designed by the Russian architect Alexander Pomerantsev. Another Christian monument in the region is the Saint Joseph Catholic Cathedral. Sofia (/ s o f i , s f-, s o f i / SOH-fee-, SOF-; Bulgarian: , romanized: Sofiya, IPA: ()) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. The SS. Founded thousands of years ago, today the city continues to develop as the countrys cultural and economic center. The Iskar flows north toward the Balkan Mountains, passing between the eastern city suburbs, next to the main building and below the runways of Sofia Airport, and flows out of the Sofia Valley at the town of Novi Iskar, where the scenic Iskar Gorge begins.[42]. Sofia is a regional IT hub, ranking second among the Top 10 fastest growing tech centers in Europe in terms of annual growth of active members. ", "Museum of Socialist Art National Gallery", "NATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTE Information for the area of city of Sofia", " , . Increasing are frauds, drug-related crimes, petty theft and vandalism. However, the end of the old administration and centrally planned system also paved the way for chaotic and unrestrained construction, which continues today. Any detainee who cannot be classified because of missing information at the time Sofia was designated as European Capital of Sport in 2018. [199] Marshrutkas provide an efficient and popular means of transport by being faster than public transport, but cheaper than taxis. [74] However, a report by the European Court of Auditors issued in September 2018 revealed that Sofia has not drafted any projects to reduce air pollution from heating. There are different boulevards and streets in the city with a higher amount of traffic than others. Close to the museum is the Boyana Church, one of the Bulgarian monuments that are listed among the UNESCO World Heritage sites. We provide training to help local jurisdictions learn the core elements of CITs and assess agency readiness to start a CIT. [204] The city also hosts 23 of Bulgaria's 51 higher education establishments and more than 105,000 university students. - , , "": ", "HE Prime Minister Presides Over Cabinet Regular Meeting", " , , , , ", "Sofia, Shanghai to become sister cities", "Sofia, Budapest to Cooperate in Culture, Tourism, Economy", "Acordos de geminao, de cooperao e de amizade", Sofia by Night Light: A Photographic Exhibition, Etymological list of provinces of Bulgaria, Institutional seats of the European Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofia&oldid=1134415457, Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from May 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with Bulgarian-language sources (bg), Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list, Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list, Articles containing Bulgarian-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The Thracians, Iztok Zapad, Sofia, 2011. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. With its cultural significance in Southeast Europe, Sofia is home to the National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria, the National Palace of Culture, the Vasil Levski National Stadium, the Ivan Vazov National Theatre, the National Archaeological Museum, and the Serdica Amphitheatre. It became the capital of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia (Rumelia Eyalet), the province that administered the Ottoman lands in Europe (the Balkans), one of the two together with the beylerbeylik of Anatolia. BAS is the centrepiece of scientific research in Bulgaria, employing more than 4,500 scientists in various institutes. [47] The coldest recorded year was 1893 with an average January temperature of 10.4C (13F) and an annual temperature of 8.2C (46.8F). September 13, 2022 Board of Supervisors Meeting: Consider recommendations relating to the Inmate Tracking System. There are separate reception centers for females, male youth, and adult males. The oldest church in Sofia is the Saint George Rotunda. Ivanova, Svetlana, "ofya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. We provide training, technical assistance, and information resources on the design and operation of direct supervision jails and on key elements in managing inmate behavior in all types of jails. During that time Sofia was the largest import-export-base in modern-day Bulgaria for the caravan trade with the Republic of Ragusa. It was the citys major church during the Middle Ages, and under the Ottomans, it was used as a mosque. [215] Rakovski Defence and Staff College, the National Academy of Arts, the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, the University of National and World Economy and the University of Mining and Geology are other major higher education establishments in the city. There were 3,162 theatric performances with 570,568 people attending in 2014. [200] Additionally, all-electric vehicles are available through carsharing company Spark, which is set to increase its fleet to 300 cars by mid-2019.[201]. Name . [112], In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria was fighting alone practically all of its neighbouring countries. Sofias parks are a favorite place for rest and recreation. In 1879 there was a dispute about what the name of the new Bulgarian capital should be, when the citizens created a committee of famous people, insisting for the Slavic name. The maximum vertical drop is 780 meters. [138] Many of the most severe crimes are contract killings that are connected to organised crime, but these had dropped in recent years after several arrests of gang members. The museum has one of the largest collections anywhere, with over 700,000 items of cultural importance. It also has facilities for night skiing. [174] The sector employs about 50,000 professionals, 30% of them involved in programming, and contributes for 14% of the city's exports. The Polytechnical Museum has more than 1,000 technological items on display. The most dynamic sectors include Information technology (IT) and manufacturing. [166] In 2015, Forbes listed Sofia as one of the top 10 places in the world to launch a startup business, because of the low corporate tax (10%), the fast internet connection speeds available one of the fastest in the world, and the presence of several investment funds, including Eleven Startup Accelerator, LAUNCHub and Neveq. The Edict of Toleration by Galerius was issued in 311 in Serdica by the Roman emperor Galerius, officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity. OJC systems use locally developed and validated instruments, one at intake and another after a period of confinement, that identify the level of risk and needs presented by an inmate so that appropriate housing and program assignments can be made. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. [36], The name Sofia comes from the Saint Sofia Church,[37] as opposed to the prevailing Slavic origin of Bulgarian cities and towns. [25], The population of Sofia declined from 70,000 in the late 18th century, through 19,000 in 1870, to 11,649 in 1878, after which it began increasing. This guide presents six key elements that, in combination, will help jails reduce a wide array of negative, destructive, and dangerous inmate behavior (p. v). [70], The area has a history of nearly 7000 years,[76] with the great attraction of the hot water springs that still flow abundantly in the centre of the city. During the Second World War, Bulgaria declared war on the US and UK on 13 December 1941 and in late 1943 and early 1944 the US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia. At the beginning of the 9th century, the Bulgarian Han Krum (reign 803-814) invaded Serdika. complete the classification process; 2. Besides the city proper, the 24 districts of Sofia Municipality encompass three other towns and 34 villages. [21] This triangle was recently expanded to a "square" and includes the Catholic Cathedral of St Joseph. [190], Public transport is well-developed with bus (2,380km (1,479mi)),[191] tram (308km (191mi))[192] and trolleybus (193km (120mi))[193] lines running in all areas of the city. The data says that roughly a third of the total population have already earned a university degree. Newly admitted inmates are transported from county jails to one of several prison receiving centers where the risk assessment process begins. Unlike most European capitals, Sofia does not straddle any large river, but is surrounded by comparatively high mountains on all sides. The citys average altitude is 550 meters above sea level, the climate is moderate and continental, characterized by cold winters and relatively cool summers. [174] The IT sector is highly diverse and includes both multinational corporations, local companies and start-ups. The city is a preferred destination for international congresses, and there are a great many halls and centers offering possibilities for every need. The Slavic name Sredets (), which is related to "middle" (, "sreda") and to the city's earliest name, first appeared on paper in an 11th-century text. Accurately classifying incarcerated individuals and placing them in institutions consistent with their security classification is a means of protecting the public, ensuring staff and incarcerated individual safety, and achieving the ODRC's rehabilitative goals. [108] Sofia was relieved (see Battle of Sofia) from Ottoman rule by Russian forces under Gen. Iosif Gurko on 4 January 1878. [92] which was already not dissimilar to a tetrarchic capital of the Roman Empire. Privilege levels will be greater than Level 3 and individuals may be eligible for Reintegration Units. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. The Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum, where Dimitrov's body had been preserved in a similar way to the Lenin mausoleum, was demolished in 1999. 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