Many of these volcanoes are covered by snow and ice. [132] Temperatures have been estimated to be 7401,060C (1,3601,940F) for the andesite and 1,1301,220C (2,0702,230F) for the basaltic andesite. [134], Later volcanic activity buried this edifice beneath thin pyroclastic flows. [88] Magma petrology implies that there is another reservoir at 6 kilometres (3.7mi) depth. In the case of the Andes, the oceanic Nazca Plate and part of the oceanic Antarctic Plate slide towards the continental South American Plate. The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993, . [224] During the following days, additional explosions generated columns up to 3 kilometres (1.9mi) high, with little ash production. Match. The largest eruption of Lascar known to recorded history occurred in April 1993 and caused ash fall as far away as Buenos Aires. Every donation will be highly appreciated. [3] Immediately east of it lies the eastern cone, which is contiguous with the western cone. [67] Additional component minerals found at Lascar include anorthite, augite bordering on diopside, bronzite, fassaite, forsterite, hypersthene, pigeonite and more. [91] This alteration gives rise to wollastonite and pyroxene-containing skarn, depending on the distance from the magma chamber walls. [23], About 122 volcanoes with Holocene eruptions exist in the Andean Volcanic Belt, including Ojos del Salado which with a height of 6,887 metres (22,595ft) is the highest volcano in the world. The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent plate boundaries and convergent plate boundaries. [54], Large lava flows are noticeable on the flanks of the volcano,[34] with a total of eight lava flows recognized. [228] The last eruption, on 30 October 2015, created a 2,500-metre-high (8,200ft) column of ash that prompted a raise in the local volcano alert level. How to watch volcanoes? [225] The eruption ended around 15:32 on 20 April,[222] although some explosions occurred in the following days. [153] Such a vent or caldera is substantially smaller than the volume of rocks erupted, a discrepancy that is also evident in the 1932 eruption of Quizapu. Hikers were near the crater and took video of the eruption. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [63] The formation of the first cone at Lascar may have been facilitated by the intersection between the Miscanti Line and another eastwest lineament[72] formed by PliocenePleistocene tectonic compression of the region,[73] and the lineament would have worked as an ascent path for magma. [83] This origin of Lascar magmas is reflected in the textures of rocks. Image: @AlexisBolbaran/Twitter. [155] Glaciers in the region reached their maximum size at that time. [112] Sulfur is released from areas all over the cone, resulting in a noticeable sulfur smell. [68] Traces of glacial action are found on the older parts of Lascar at altitudes above 4,600 metres (15,100ft) and include meltwater gorges, striated rock surfaces, and U-shaped valleys. [47] In these valleys, the ignimbrite can be as much as 60 metres (200ft) thick. [227] Precipitation at Lascar is about 50100 millimetres per year (2.03.9in/year) and consists mostly of snow. To the left, in the background, the. [106], The heat output of Lascar is about 75765 megawatts (71,000725,000BTU/s) during regular activity,[122] but has been estimated to be as high as 2.5 gigawatts (2,400,000BTU/s). [86], The magma chamber of Lascar appears to lie at depths of 1017 kilometres (6.210.6mi),[87] although the lack of deformation of the edifice during the 1993 eruption indicates that it may be deeper, over 2530 kilometres (1619mi) or even over 40 kilometres (25mi) deep. [43][49] Cerro Corona gets its name from a crown-shaped structure at its top. Explosive activity presumably occurs when gases can no longer escape. We're aiming to achieve uninterrupted service wherever an earthquake or volcano eruption unfolds, and your donations can make it happen! [215] The collapse structures during this activity were larger than those noted in previous activity, possibly because the April 1993 eruption had emptied part of the system. The biggest eruption of Lascar in historical time was in 1993 and produced pyroclastic flows, which traveled 8.5 km NW of the summit, and ashfall in Buenos Aires. Created by. Flashcards. [21] The presence of Mesozoic limestone is indicated by xenoliths in Lascar's lavas; the only place they crop out farther east is in Argentina. Both plates are capped by oceanic crust. [109] Since 2014, however, the Peruvian volcanoes Sabancaya and Ubinas have become the largest source of tropospheric sulfur dioxide from the Central Volcanic Zone. Its rocks have a pale gray-blue colour, and their composition resembles the Soncor flow, despite more mafic lavas and pyroclastics being erupted in the time period between the emplacement of the Soncor flow and the Capricorn Lava. [156] The deposits left by this erosional period contain no clear evidence of stage III activity; indeed Lascar was probably inactive between 14,000 and 10,500 years ago. [201] Over 0.1 millimetres (0.0039in) of ash fell over a surface area of over 850,000 square kilometres (330,000sqmi). It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. [95], A number of xenoliths occur in Lascar's rocks; a large amount of the phenocrysts are ultimately derived from them. [16] These volcanic zones are separated by areas where recent volcanism is absent; one common theory is that the subduction processes responsible for volcanism form a subducting plate that is too shallow to trigger the formation of magma. [29] The eruption was also observed by geologists in Toconao,[164] where the explosion was violent enough to wake up people who were sleeping. [116] The release of gas by the magma is favoured by strong temperature contrasts between incoming magma and the magma chamber,[94] and processes occurring during the mixing may explain the high emission of sulfur dioxide by Lascar. stratovulcano 5592 m / 18,346 ft. Northern Chile, -23.37S / -67.73W. [101] The fumarole gases react with surrounding rocks, forming precipitates and altered rocks. [226] Other eruptions were recorded in November 2006 and July 2007. [26] The andesitic-dacitic Aguas Calientes is located 5 kilometres (3.1mi) east of Lascar; it may have formed a lava flow close to the summit during the Holocene. On the western slope, it buries the even older Piedras Grandes flow, which crops out only at the margins of the Soncor flow. [36], The volcano sits above a major local geological trend, the northsouth Miscanti Line. Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 overlapping summit craters. Trenches mark subduction zones. Images of Lascar and neighbouring volcanoes, Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south, Observatorio Volcanolgico de los Andes del Sur, San Pedro de AtacamaPaso de JamaJujuy international road, Reporte Especial de Actividad Volcnica Regin de Antofagasta, 10 de diciembre de 2022, 17:30 (horario local), "Vestigios arqueolgicos incaicos en las cumbres de la zona atacamea", "Ritualidad y Extractivismo: La Limpia de Canales y las Disputas Por el Agua en el Salar de Atacama-Norte de Chile", "Contributions of anthropogenic and natural sources of sulfur to SO, "Volcanic gas emissions and degassing dynamics at Ubinas and Sabancaya volcanoes; implications for the volatile budget of the central volcanic zone", "Corrigendum to "Gas and aerosol emissions from Lascar volcano (Northern Chile): Insights into the origin of gases and their links with the volcanic activity" [J. Volcanol. Terms in this set (10) Active volcano. [123] Electrical conductivity data suggest that a hydrothermal system exists beneath Lascar,[124] but the existence of such a system has been questioned. [47] Originally considered part of stage III, it was more recently attributed to stage IV given the considerable (6,000 years) temporal gap between the Tumbres eruption and stage III volcanism, and the geochemistry of the rocks. [138] An ice cap formed over Lascar at that time, feeding two glaciers that extended northeast and southeast away from the volcano. [67], A major Plinian eruption occurred 26,450 500 years ago,[137] releasing 1015 cubic kilometres (2.43.6cumi) of ejecta, both volcanic ash and pyroclastic flows. [166], An alternating cycle of fumarolic activity, an accumulation of fumarolic gases in the conduit and lava dome, and explosive activity followed by renewed fumarolic activity have characterized Lascar's activity since 1984. [114] Finally, Lascar is vigorous producer of sulfate dust particles,[113] which are released at a rate of about 100,000 trillion particles per second. [216][217], An eruption in July 2000 was seen from Chuquicamata, and the noise was audible as far as San Antonio de los Cobres, 160 kilometres (99mi) away. 287 (2014) 5167]", "First geochemical survey of fumarolic gases from Lascar volcano (Central Andes, Chile)", "Linking magmatic processes and magma chemistry during the post-glacial to recent explosive eruptions of Ubinas volcano (southern Peru)", Peligros volcnicos de la Zona Norte de Chile, "Sistema Nacional de Proteccion Civil Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Volcan Popocatepetl Estudios Realizados Durante La Crisis de 1994-1995 Comite Cientifico Asesor Cenapred-Unam", "Satellite images uncertainty: eruption or resuspension? Data available through GEOFON. [168] The temperatures of the lava dome can reach 148367C (298693F). Why do people study Geology? Light, dark, and banded pumice are mixed in this flow. [2], Seismic activity occurs at Lascar. [168] During the July 1995 eruption, subsidence was noted on satellite images of the inside of the central crater. Other volcanic centres are also located on this line,[54] including the Corona and Saltar lava domes, and the Miscanti and Lejia volcanoes. [27] Given the low population density around many of these volcanoes, there is often little information on their activity. [229], Because of the volcano's remote location, much information on its activity comes from remote sensing. Blog. [53], Lascar has erupted about thirty times since the 19th century. [137] The Manquez agglutinate above the Tumbres deposits was formed either by the Tumbres eruption or by a subsequent stage;[60] a pyroclastic cone in the western crater may be associated with this agglutinate. [252] Other reports claim that flamingos remained; other animals like donkeys and llamas were seen around the volcano one day after its eruption.[209]. Afterwards, up to four different units of pyroclastic flows, each 110 metres (3.332.8ft) thick, formed deposits up to 10 kilometres (6.2mi) long. Preceding historical eruptions did not exceed 2. Our expert volcanologists and photographers offer unique travel experiences: Lascar Volcano, Chile (Photo: Jiri VonDrak). [190], There is a pronounced morphology characterized by a channel upslope and snout-like toes downslope. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. On the southeastern flank, the pyroclastic flows formed a fan extending several hundred metres into Pampa Leija. [36], Lascar is a steep volcano[7] formed by two irregularly shaped truncated cones that extend eastwest,[52][53] on a trend that includes Aguas Calientes. A seismic monitoring experiment was realized in 2008. [161] Another series of eruptions occurred between November 1951 and January 1952; one eruption is recorded from 1940. The deposits left contain both andesite and dacite,[53] with phenocrysts consisting of apatite, augite, biotite, iron-titanium oxides, orthopyroxene and plagioclase in a rhyolite matrix. [77], The rocks of Lascar belong to the calc-alkaline series. 91 ] this alteration gives rise to wollastonite and pyroxene-containing skarn, lascar volcano plate boundary the... Boundaries and convergent plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic buried! Photo: Jiri VonDrak ) toes downslope remote location, much information on its comes... Kilometres ( 3.7mi ) depth buried this edifice beneath thin pyroclastic flows ] [ 49 ] Cerro gets. 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