His best known works are the Bustan (The Orchard) and the Golestan (The Rose Garden). International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. [] By the time of the great Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, Iranian Islam had become not only an important component; it had become a dominant element in Islam itself, and for several centuries the main centers of the Islamic power and civilization were in countries that were, if not Iranian, at least marked by Iranian civilization. These cultural similarities were perpetuated by poets, artists, architects, artisans, jurists, and scholars, who maintained relations among their peers in the far-flung cities of the Turco-Persian world, from Istanbul to Delhi.[5]. The Mongols under Genghis Khan (122058) and Timur (Tamerlane, 1336-1405) had the effect of stimulating development of Persianate culture of Central and West Asia, because of the new concentrations of specialists of high culture created by the invasions, for many people had to seek refuge in few safe havens, primarily India, where scholars, poets, musicians, and fine artisans intermingled and cross-fertilized, and because the broad peace secured by the huge imperial systems established by the Il-Khans (in the thirteenth century) and Timurids (in the fifteenth century), when travel was safe, and scholars and artists, ideas and skills, and fine books and artifacts circulated freely over a wide area. Mahmud of Ghazni ruled over southeastern extremities of Samanid territories from the city of Ghazni. He is responsible for the invention of Nas-Taliq calligraphy style. The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, was born in 1492 in Kayseri and died in Istanbul in the year 1588. Austin: University of Texas, 105. Cursive Nastaliq or Shekasteh Nastaliq noticeably follows the same rules as Nastaliq, with more flexibility. [] The center of the Islamic world was under Turkish and Persian states, both shaped by Iranian culture. It attracted many scholars and artists of the Islamic world. A shared culture spread from Mediterranean to the mouth of Ganges, despite political fragmentation and ethnic diversity.[2]. The Nation's Library of the Presidency, Ankara, Turkish film directors have won numerous prestigious awards in the recent years. Antkabir designed by Emin Halid Onat and Ahmet Orhan Arda (194453), Istanbul University Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings (194452) designed by Sedad Hakk Eldem and Emin Onat, The Presidential Complex in Ankara. Prior. The most notable Persian artwork is seen in the masterful woven carpets. Quotation: " Titley, Norah M. 1983. Fountains and waterside residences such as the Aynalkavak Kasr became popular. Outside of the Garip and "Second New" movements also, a number of significant poets have flourished, such as Fazl Hsn Dalarca (19142008), who wrote poems dealing with fundamental concepts like life, death, God, time, and the cosmos; Behet Necatigil (19161979), whose somewhat allegorical poems explore the significance of middle-class daily life; Can Ycel (19261999), whoin addition to his own highly colloquial and varied poetrywas also a translator into Turkish of a variety of world literature; and smet zel (1944 ), whose early poetry was highly leftist but whose poetry since the 1970s has shown a strong mystical and even Islamist influence. Ankara Opera House, designed by evki Balmumcu (193334) and renovation by Paul Bonatz (194647). Okur was selected to the Western Conference All-Star Team for the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, also becoming the first Turkish player to participate in this event. [2][clarification needed]. I was playing as the duke (can't remember how to spell turkish equivalent) of Hormuz, and I noticed the sultan of Persia had an event where he turned persian from being turkish. [11], Another famous Turkish film director is Ferzan zpetek, whose films like Hamam (1997), Harem suar (1999), Le Fate Ignoranti (2001), La finestra di fronte (2003), Cuore Sacro (2005) and Saturno contro (2007) won him international fame and awards. One can see how the later monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have taken many of their teachings from this religion. Nastaliq Mir Ali Tabrizi was a distinguished Iranian calligrapher in the 14th century. A long Turkish panel of tiles, circa 1650-55, features a hanging lamp at the top. The Sogdian influence on the state was considerable. [20] The Alai era saw the overthrow of the old nobility of early Mamluk rule. They are stone carvings, brick work, stucco and tile panels. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. [2], The Turco-Persian distinctive Islamic culture flourished for hundreds of years, and then faded under imposed modern European influences. [22] Turkish cuisine also influenced Greek, Armenian, Arabic, Persian, Balkan and Middle East cuisines and other neighbouring cuisines, as well as western European cuisines. This fact is visible in their scale systems and the instruments they make use of. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mathnawi (also known as mesnev), a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry. One favorite is Norooz, a celebration of the Iranian New Year taking place on the Spring Equinox. Although populations across this vast region had conflicting allegiances (sectarian, locality, tribal, and ethnic affiliation) and spoke many different languages (mostly Indo-Iranian languages like Persian, Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Pushtu, Baluchi, or Kurdish, or Turkic languages like Turkish, Azeri, Turkmen, Uzbek, or Kyrgyz), people shared a number of common institutions, arts, knowledge, customs, and rituals. He is the recipient of major Turkish and international literary awards, such as the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. His second significant work was the Sleymaniye Mosque and the surrounding complex, built for Suleiman the Magnificent. Starting from the 1950s, isolation from the rest of the world started to diminish, leading to Turkish architects being increasingly inspired by their counterparts in the rest of the world. As with many Ottoman Turkish art forms, the poetry produced for the Ottoman court circle had a strong influence from classical Persian traditions; [citation needed] a large number of Persian loanwords entered the literary language, and Persian metres and forms (such as those of Ghazal) were used.. By the 19th century and the era of Tanzimat reforms, the influence of Turkish folk literature . [4] Thereafter, the liberalization of the economy and the shift towards export-led growth,[5] paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence on architecture. Most of Irans population speak Indo-Iranian but also some speak Semitic, and Turkic languages. Naim Sleymanolu and Halil Mutlu have achieved legendary status as one of the few weightlifters to have won three gold medals in three Olympics. These diverse peoples found refuge in the cities. Another successful Turkish player in the NBA is Hidayet Trkolu, who was given the NBA's Most Improved Player Award for the 20072008 season, on April 28, 2008. Sogdians served as intermediaries in the relations with Iran, Byzantium and China. It was Persianate in that it was centered on a lettered tradition of Iranian origin and it was Turkic insofar as it was founded by and for . The language had Turkish as a base, but strong influences of both Arabic and Persian. Il-Khans and Timurids deliberately patronized Persianate high culture. The Turks did not accept to live in captivity throughout . Persian is an ethnic group that is native to Iran, sharing common ancestry and culture. Her first collection of poems was published in 1935 and she received 3rd degree Medal of Art and Culture in 1936. Arabic was of course the language of scripture and law, but Persian was the language of poetry and literature. Farid ud-Din Attar was born in Nishapur, in what is today north-east Iran. The major writers of the "village novel" tradition were Kemal Tahir, Orhan Kemal, and Yaar Kemal. Persian art or Iranian art has one of the richest art heritages in world history. Especially in the western parts of Turkey, where olive trees are grown abundantly, olive oil is the major type of oil used for cooking. The domed architectural style evolved from Bursa and Edirne. [26] The Safavids introduced Shiism into Persia to distinguish Persian society from the Ottoman, their Sunni rivals to the west.[5]. Nizami Ganjavi was a Persian poet in 12th century. His collection of hundreds of quatrains (or rubais), was first translated from Farsi into English in 1859 by Edward Fitzgerald. [citation needed], The early stages of Turco-Persian cultural synthesis in the Islamic world are marked by cultural, social and political tensions and competition among Turks, Persians, and Arabs, despite the egalitarianism of Islamic doctrine. Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were numerous, and also several minority Islamic sects had considerable following. As "Persianate" it was centred on a lettered tradition of Persian origin, it was Turkic because for many generations it was patronized by rulers of Turkic heredity, and it was "Islamicate" because the Islamic notions of virtue, permanence, and excellence channeled the discourse about public issues and religious affairs of the Muslims, who were a presiding elite. On the contrary: it would only worsen the plight of many of those living in Syria, put Syrian refugees in Turkey in danger, spell the end of Kurdish self-determination . Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the publication of a small volume of verse preceded by an essay and entitled Garip (meaning both "miserable" and "strange"). Central Anatolia is famous for its pastry specialities such as kekek (kashkak), mant (especially of Kayseri) and gzleme. [21] To this end, and inspired in part by contemporary French poets like Jacques Prvert, they employed not only a variant of the free verse introduced by Nzm Hikmet, but also highly colloquial language, and wrote primarily about mundane daily subjects and the ordinary man on the street. Statue of Ferdowsi also known as Abu-Muhammad Muslih al-Din bin Abdallah Shirazi was one of the great Persian poets of 13th century. First Ziraat Bank Headquarters (192529) in Ankara designed by Giulio Mongeri is an important symbol of the First National Architectural Movement. Browse 17,485 persian culture stock photos and images available, or search for iran or iranian culture to find more great stock photos and pictures. ), who was one of the last of the great aks before the tradition began to dwindle somewhat in the late 19th century; and several others. They were the core of a movement which became known as the "national literature.". Nusretiye Mosque, Ortaky Mosque, Sultan Mahmud's Tomb, Galata Lodge of the Mevlevi Dervishes, Dolmabahe Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace, Sadullah Pasha Yal and the Kuleli Barracks are the important examples of this style, developed parallel with the Westernization process. The Sogdians, international merchants of long standing with numerous trading colonies along the silk route, needed the military power of the Turks. Persian weaving flourished in the second half of the 15th century during the Safavid Dynasty. "The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. Prior to the foundation of Islam in Iran, Persians are noted for the development of one of the oldest monotheistic religions, Zoroastrianism. The 'folk poetry' as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sunni and Shi'a traditions. 7, No. It can be observed that various regions of the Ottoman Empire contain bits and pieces of the vast Ottoman dishes. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. In the sixteenth century several Turko-Persian empires arose: the Ottomans in Asia Minor and south-eastern Europe, Safavids in Persia, and Mughals in India. Despite the decline of the ak/ozan tradition in the 19th century, it experienced a significant revival in the 20th century thanks to such outstanding figures as Ak Veysel atrolu (18941973), Ak Mahzuni erif (19382002), Neet Erta (19382012), and many others. Rumi (Molana, Molavi) also known as Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi was a 13th century Persian poet and was one of the most passionate and profound poets in history. Aside from common Turkish specialities which can be found throughout the country, there are also region-specific specialities. [7] This was the fourth time that Ceylan received an award at Cannes, following the awards for the film Uzak (which was also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the festival of 2003 and 2004, and the film klimler (also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. [13] The annual international yal gre (oiled wrestling) tournament that's held in Krkpnar near Edirne is the oldest continuously running, sanctioned sporting competition in the world, having taken place every year since 1362. My Turkish etymological dictionary gives again the following pronunciations (using Turkish phonetical spelling, which tends to be different from other transcriptions in Latin letters): the Akkadian as tinru, the Aramaic tanr, the Hebrew tennr, the Persian both tanr and tandr, the Arabic tanr, the Turkish tandr, the Hindustani tandri. won the Kora Cup in 1996, finished second in the Saporta Cup of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001. [5] It was Islamic in that Islamic notions of virtue, permanence, and excellence infused discourse about public issues as well as the religious affairs of the Muslims, who were the presiding elite. These cultures, Islamic culture, Greek culture and Iran - Persian culture. 31, No. In keeping their native tongue, Persians expanded the nature of Islam from a religion with primary Arabic origins to a more encompassing world religion. It has an important position among the various decorative arts in Iranian architecture. Designed by ekip Akaln, Ankara Central Station (1937) is a notable art deco design of its era. On the other hand, Mellin, a French architect, was invited by a sister of Sultan Selim III to Istanbul and depicted the Bosporus shores and the seaside waterfront mansions called yal. [2], After the Muslim conquest of Persia, Middle Persian, the language of Sassanids, continued in wide use well into the second Islamic century (eighth century) as a medium of administration in the eastern lands of the Caliphate. In this religion, there is one Lord Wisdom, known as Ahura Mazda. Bukhara and Samarkand swelled and formed ethnic and sectarian neighborhoods, most of them surrounded by walls, each with its own markets, caravansaraies, and public squares. Poetry is the most dominant form of literature in modern Turkey. With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, the years 13001453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period in architecture, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. Arabic belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, Persian is an . Although much of it spoke various forms of Turkish, as well as other local languages, their classical and cultural language was Persian. They enjoyed strong position in the city of Bukhara, and it grew under the Samanids' successors Kara-Khanid Khanate. Nastaliq is the most popular styles among classical Persian calligraphy scripts. [25], The Safavids of the fifteenth century were leaders of a Sufi order, venerated by Turkmen tribesmen in eastern Anatolia. It is often called the "Seljuk Baroque portal." This suggests that a dish is a speciality of that area, or may refer to the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. Samanids encouraged translation of religious works from Arabic into Persian. The decorative elements of the European Baroque and Rococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Turco-Persian empires weakened by the Europeans' discovery of a sea route to India, and introduction of hand guns, which gave the horsemen of the pastoral societies greater fighting capability. [5] The combination of these elements in the Islamic society had a strong impact on the religion, because Islam was disengaged from its Arabic background and Bedouin traditions and became a far richer, more adaptable, and universal culture. Selflessness is noticeable on a day-to-day level. The men's national basketball team finished second in Eurobasket 2001; while Efes Pilsen S.K. "Persian Culture" - World's (Oldest & Richest) Cultures! [2], Middle Persian was a lingua franca of the region before the Arab invasion, but afterwards Arabic became a preferred medium of literary expression. However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace (16851784) in Eastern Anatolia was going on. The religious authorities of these non-Muslim communities became their spokesmen, just as the ulama were for the Muslim community, they also began overseeing internal communal affairs. [citation needed], Peter B. [3] The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged. It was managed by bureaucrats and ulama who used both Persian and Arabic, its literati participated in both the Arabic and Persian traditions of high culture of the wider Islamicate world. As Seljuks came to dominate Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia, they carried this Turco-Persian culture beyond, and made it the culture of their courts in the region to as far west as the Mediterranean Sea. yet, the two nations remain clearly distinct, despite similar/comparable dimensions of life. By the nineteenth century, the European secular concepts of social obligation and authority, along with superior technology, shook many established institutions of Turco-Persia. In the north, where horticulture is tantamount, the carpets are woven to represent Persian gardens. Zoroastrianism, while having a small following, is still in practice today and many Iranian festivals still center around the Zoroastrian calendar. Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. The southeastUrfa, Gaziantep and Adanais famous for its kebabs, mezes and dough-based desserts such as baklava, kadayf and knefe. [3], In subsequent centuries, the Turco-Persian culture was carried on further by conquering peoples to neighbouring regions, eventually becoming the predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of South Asia, Central Asia and the Tarim Basin, and large parts of West Asia. The tradition of Ottoman prose was exclusively non-fictional in nature; as the fiction tradition was limited to narrative poetry. Helping to distinguish between. The state accepts all citizens as Turks. The Mughals, Persianized Turks who had invaded India from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan, strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team, AFP: Turkey's Turkoglu named NBA's Most Improved Player, BBC Sport: Formula 1 circuit guide: Istanbul, Turkey, Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightlifters, Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of World (Dnya) and Olympic (Olimpiyat) records by male and female weightlifters, Ethnic Cuisine - Turkey by Terrie Wright Chrones, Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative, "Life and Culture in Turkey" (Study in Turkey), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Turkey&oldid=1134022568, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 17:00. Ottoman Turkey grew more like its Arab Muslim neighbors in West Asia; India developed a South Asian style of Indo-Persian[28][29] culture; and Central Asia, which gradually grew more isolated, changed relatively little. The language that appeared in the ninth and tenth centuries was a new form of Persian, based on the Middle Persian of pre-Islamic times, but enriched by ample Arabic vocabulary and written in Arabic script. This was also the first time since the 19th century that Turkish literature was escaping from Western influence and began to mix Western forms with other forms. There are, broadly speaking, two traditions of Turkish folk poetries; Much of the poetry and song of the ak/ozan tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century, remains anonymous. This trend culminated in the 1932 novel Yaban (The Wilds) by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanolu. They patronized Persian culture in the manner of their predecessors. In the Kara-Khanid Khanate formed an ethnically and dogmatically diverse society. His other known works are: Fihi Ma Fihi (In It Whats in It), Seven Sessions and The Letters. At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Ottomans rose to predominance in Asia Minor, and developed an empire that subjugated most of the Arab Islamic world as well as south-eastern Europe. The Ottomans integrated mosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs. But the truth is that a Turkish-Syrian deal would have no peace-making effects whatsoever. Tiles were used to decorate monuments from early ages in Iran. They covered the social and political concepts of their time with the nationalistic perspective. The culture represents the customs and technologies that a character or county uses. [citation needed], In the ninth century a new Persian language emerged as the idiom of administration and literature. The Sogdian language functioned as lingua franca of the Central Asian silk routes. With Ahmed III's deposition, Mahmud I took the throne (17301754). The first radical step away from this trend was taken by Nzm Hikmet, whoduring his time as a student in the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1924was exposed to the modernist poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky and others, which inspired him to start writing verse in a less formal style. Islam is not a nation, nor is it an ethnic group. These changes were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk. Iran is the worlds largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets, producing three quarters of the worlds total output. The five long poems, known collectively as the Khamsa (Quintet) or Panj Ganj (Five Treasures), composed by Nizami in the late twelfth century, set new standards in their own time for elegance of expression, richness of characterization, and narrative sophistication. [8], The Samanids began recording their court affairs in Arabic and in this language, and they used it as the main public idiom. [2], The Ghaznavids moved their capital from Ghazni to Lahore, which they turned into another center of Islamic culture. In the 13th and 14th centuries Saadi, Rumi and Hafez perfected the ghazal, lyrical poems but filled with passion. 161-182, Najwa Al-Qattan. The Hac zbek Mosque (1333) in znik, the first important center of Ottoman art, is the first example of an Ottoman single-domed mosque. Important poets of the Republic of Turkey period include Ahmet Haim, Yahya Kemal Beyatl and Nzm Hikmet (who introduced the free verse style). [27] They cultivated art, enticing to their courts artists and architects from Bukhara, Tabriz, Shiraz, and other cities of Islamic world. Persian Miniature Painting and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India. Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum,"Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, pg 79. Furthermore, as partly evidenced by the prevalence of the still-existent ashik ("ak" or "ozan") tradition, the dominant element in Turkish folk poetry has always been song. Of all the reasons to learn a language, study or work abroad, migrate permanently to another country, jobs for language learners, cultural aspects, and learning as a hobby are primary motivators. But Khayyam is best known for his work as a poet. (Apr., 1976), pp. Kara-Khanids established a dominance of ulama in the cities, and the network of recognized Islamic authorities became an alternative social instrument for the maintenance of public order. The name Attar means herbalist or druggist, which was his profession. Golden dates the first Turkic-Iranian interaction to the mid 4th century, the earliest known periods of the Turkic history. The first is the mosaic a design created from gluing bits of different colored tiles together. The Seljuks subsequently gave rise to the Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, while taking their thoroughly Persianised identity with them, giving it an even more profound and noted history there. Circular, wavy and curved lines are predominant in the structures of this period. The Shu'ubiyah Controversy and the Social History of Early Islamic Iran. During the Abbasid period the Persian influence upon Arabic literature had grown considerably. Parvins poems have social, humanity, learning and mystic concepts. 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Mustafa Kemal Atatrk lines are predominant in the second half of the Islamic and. Weaving flourished in the manner of their predecessors of Bukhara, and Yaar Kemal Ali! Flourished for hundreds of years, and Islam have taken many of their teachings from this.! Largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets, producing three quarters of the Iranian New Year taking place the.
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